NMN Research Library

AdvancedMixed / multiple levels10 min read
Short answer This is the structured, topic-organized index of every scientific reference and regulatory primary source cited across the NMN 101 hub — 45 scientific references plus 4 regulatory primary sources, each tagged by evidence type and topic, deduplicated to one canonical entry per source.

What this page is

This is the structured scientific index behind the entire NMN 101 hub: every primary study, systematic review, meta-analysis, and methodology reference cited across Batches 1–5, organized by topic rather than dumped as one long bibliography. Each entry appears once, under the topic section it's most central to, with additional topic tags where it's also cited elsewhere in the hub. Evidence type is labeled explicitly — a systematic review is never labeled a clinical trial, and animal evidence is never labeled human evidence. Full context and interpretation for any entry lives on the hub page(s) that cite it; this page is a reference index, not a substitute for reading those pages.

Foundational NAD+ biology

Biochemistry / foundationalNikiforov A, Kulikova V, Ziegler M (2015). The human NAD metabolome: Functions, metabolism and compartmentalization. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. PMID 25837229.
Topics: NAD+ metabolome, compartmentalization, redox biology
Biochemistry / foundationalCovarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E (2021). NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. PMID 33353981.
Topics: NAD+ biology, aging, sirtuins
Biochemistry / foundationalXie N, Zhang L, Gao W, et al. (2020). NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. PMID 33028824.
Topics: NAD+ metabolism, redox biology, NMN vs. niacin
Observational human studyClement J, Wong M, Poljak A, Sachdev P, Braidy N (2019). The Plasma NAD+ Metabolome Is Dysregulated in "Normal" Aging. Rejuvenation Research. PMID 30124109.
Topics: aging, NAD+ metabolome

Human clinical trials

Human RCTYoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. (2021). Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. PMID 33888596.
Topics: clinical trials, metabolism, dosage
Human RCTIgarashi M, Nakagawa-Nagahama Y, Miura M, et al. (2022). Chronic NMN supplementation elevates blood NAD+ and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj Aging. PMID 35927255.
Topics: clinical trials, cognition, dosage
Human RCTOkabe K, Yaku K, Uchida Y, et al. (2022). Oral Administration of NMN Is Safe and Efficiently Increases Blood NAD+ Levels in Healthy Subjects. Frontiers in Nutrition. PMID 35479740.
Topics: clinical trials, safety, metabolome
Human RCTKatayoshi T, Uehata S, Nakashima N, et al. (2023). NAD metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term NMN supplementation. Scientific Reports. PMID 36797393.
Topics: clinical trials, cardiovascular, metabolome
Human RCTAkasaka H, Nakagami H, Sugimoto K, et al. (2023). Effects of NMN on older patients with diabetes and impaired physical performance. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. PMID 36443648.
Topics: clinical trials, exercise/muscle
Human RCTMorifuji M, Higashi S, Ebihara S, Nagata M (2024). Ingestion of β-NMN increased blood NAD, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults. GeroScience. PMID 38789831.
Topics: clinical trials, sleep, exercise/muscle
Human RCTLiao B, Zhao Y, Wang D, et al. (2021). NMN supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. PMID 34238308.
Topics: clinical trials, exercise/muscle
Human RCTYi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. (2023). Efficacy and safety of β-NMN in healthy middle-aged adults. GeroScience. PMID 36482258.
Topics: clinical trials, dosage, aging
Human RCTPencina KM, Lavu S, Dos Santos M, et al. (2023). MIB-626 Increases Circulating NAD and its Metabolome in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Journals of Gerontology: Series A. PMID 35182418.
Topics: clinical trials, pharmacokinetics, metabolome
Human RCTFukamizu Y, Uchida Y, Shigekawa A, et al. (2022). Safety evaluation of β-NMN oral administration in healthy adult men and women. Scientific Reports. PMID 36002548.
Topics: clinical trials, safety, pharmacokinetics
Human RCTChristen S, Redeuil K, Goulet L, et al. (2026). The differential impact of three different NAD+ boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans. Nature Metabolism. PMID 41540253.
Topics: clinical trials, metabolome, NMN vs. niacin
Human RCTPencina KM, Valderrabano R, Wipper B, et al. (2023). NAD Augmentation in Overweight or Obese Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. PMID 36740954.
Topics: clinical trials, cardiovascular, exercise/muscle, dosage
Human RCTHuang H (2022). Multicentre RCT of Uthever (NMN Supplement). Frontiers in Aging. PMID 35821806.
Topics: clinical trials, metabolome, dosage
Human controlled intervention / Preclinical animalQiu Y, Xu S, Chen X, et al. (2023). NAD+ exhaustion by CD38 upregulation contributes to blood pressure elevation and vascular damage in hypertension. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. PMID 37718359.
Topics: cardiovascular, CD38, preclinical vs. human — primarily a mechanistic mouse/cell paper with a small open-label human pilot arm
Human RCT — Tier CZhao B, Liu C, Qiang L, et al. (2022). Clinical observation of NMN on insomnia in middle-aged and old adults. American Journal of Translational Medicine. No PMID/DOI located; not independently verified to this hub's standard.
Topics: sleep — not used in efficacy synthesis
Human RCTKawakami S, Maeda Y, Fukuzawa Y (2025). Intervention Study Comparing Blood NAD+ Concentrations with Liposomal and Non-Liposomal NMN. Annals of Clinical and Medical Case Reports. No PMID; DOI not located.
Topics: clinical trials — primary text directly inspected
Human RCT — registered, unpublishedProtocol for a multicenter RCT of oral NMN for chronic insomnia (2023). No results published as of this review.
Topics: sleep — inventory entry only, not used in any efficacy conclusion

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetic studyIrie J, Inagaki E, Fujita M, et al. (2020). Effect of oral NMN on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men. Endocrine Journal. PMID 31685720.
Topics: pharmacokinetics, metabolome

Cognition

Preclinical animalTarantini S, Valcarcel-Ares MN, Toth P, et al. (2019). NMN supplementation rescues cerebromicrovascular endothelial function and neurovascular coupling and improves cognitive function in aged mice. Redox Biology. PMID 31015147.
Topics: cognition, preclinical vs. human

Aging, sirtuins & CD38

Preclinical animalKanfi Y, Naiman S, Amir G, et al. (2012). The sirtuin SIRT6 regulates lifespan in male mice. Nature. PMID 22367546.
Topics: aging, sirtuins, preclinical vs. human
Preclinical animalCamacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. (2016). CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metabolism. PMID 27304511.
Topics: aging, CD38, preclinical vs. human

NMN transport

Preclinical animalGrozio A, Mills KF, Yoshino J, et al. (2019). Slc12a8 is a nicotinamide mononucleotide transporter. Nature Metabolism. PMID 31131364.
Topics: NMN transport, preclinical vs. human
Preclinical animal / methodology critiqueSchmidt MS, Brenner C (2019). Absence of evidence that Slc12a8 encodes a nicotinamide mononucleotide transporter. Nature Metabolism. PMID 32694648.
Topics: NMN transport, preclinical vs. human
Preclinical animalGrozio A, et al. (2019). Reply to: Absence of evidence that Slc12a8 encodes a nicotinamide mononucleotide transporter. Nature Metabolism. PMID 32694650.
Topics: NMN transport

Compartmentalization

Cell / mechanisticBerger F, Lau C, Dahlmann M, Ziegler M (2005). Subcellular compartmentation and differential catalytic properties of the three human NMNAT isoforms. Journal of Biological Chemistry. PMID 16118205.
Topics: compartmentalization, NMNAT
Cell / mechanisticLuongo TS, Eller JM, Lu MJ, et al. (2020). SLC25A51 is a mammalian mitochondrial NAD+ transporter. Nature. PMID 32906142.
Topics: compartmentalization
Cell / mechanisticKory N, Uit de Bos J, van der Rijt S, et al. (2020). MCART1/SLC25A51 is required for mitochondrial NAD transport. Science Advances. PMID 33087354.
Topics: compartmentalization
Cell / mechanisticGirardi E, Agrimi G, Goldmann U, et al. (2020). Epistasis-driven identification of SLC25A51 as a regulator of human mitochondrial NAD import. Nature Communications. PMID 33262325.
Topics: compartmentalization

Redox biology

Biochemistry / foundationalTeSlaa T, Ralser M, Fan J, Rabinowitz JD (2023). The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease. Nature Metabolism. PMID 37612403.
Topics: redox biology, NADPH

NAD+ metabolome measurement

MethodologyBraidy N, Villalva MD, Grant R (2021). NADomics: Measuring NAD+ and Related Metabolites Using LC-MS. Life (Basel). PMID 34073099.
Topics: NAD+ metabolome, analytical methodology

NAD+ IV / comparison evidence

Systematic reviewde Mello Gindri I, Ferrari G, Pinto LPS, et al. (2023). Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of NAD in different clinical conditions. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. PMID 37971292.
Topics: NAD+ IV therapy
Observational human studyReyna K, Heinzen G, Patel N, et al. (2026). IV NAD+ versus NR: a retrospective tolerability pilot study. Frontiers in Aging. PMID 41704678.
Topics: NAD+ IV therapy

NMN vs. niacin / nicotinamide

Regulatory / authoritative referenceNational Center for Biotechnology Information (StatPearls). Niacin Deficiency (2024). No PMID (NCBI Bookshelf).
Topics: NMN vs. niacin
Regulatory / authoritative referenceNational Center for Biotechnology Information (LiverTox). Niacin (2024). No PMID (NCBI Bookshelf).
Topics: NMN vs. niacin

Reviews & meta-analyses

Meta-analysisYang W, Huang J, Tang Z, Chen C, Sun Y (2026). Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral NMN Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. PMID 42514320.
Topics: safety, meta-analyses
Systematic review / meta-analysisZhang J, Poon ET, Wong SH (2025). Efficacy of oral NMN on glucose and lipid metabolism: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. PMID 39116016.
Topics: metabolism, meta-analyses
Systematic reviewWen J, Syed B, Kim S, et al. (2024). Improved Physical Performance Parameters in Patients Taking NMN: A Systematic Review of RCTs. Cureus. PMID 39221308.
Topics: exercise/muscle, meta-analyses
Systematic review / meta-analysisProkopidis K, Moriarty F, Bahat G, et al. (2025). The Effect of NMN and Riboside on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. PMID 40275690.
Topics: exercise/muscle, meta-analyses
Meta-analysisZhang M, Chen Y, Jiang N, et al. (2026). Effects of NMN Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Nutrients. PMID 41901064.
Topics: cardiovascular, meta-analyses

Research methodology (general, not NMN-specific)

Methodologyvan der Worp HB, Howells DW, Sena ES, et al. (2010). Can Animal Models of Disease Reliably Inform Human Studies? PLoS Medicine. PMID 20361020.
Topics: preclinical vs. human, methodology
MethodologyFleming TR, DeMets DL (1996). Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled? Annals of Internal Medicine. PMID 8815760.
Topics: research limitations, methodology
MethodologyDwan K, Gamble C, Williamson PR, Kirkham JJ (2013). Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. PLOS ONE. PMID 23861749.
Topics: research limitations, methodology

Regulatory primary sources

Regulatory primary source (indirect)Natural Products Association. Statement regarding FDA letters dated September 29, 2025 (docket FDA-2023-P-0872-2754) and December 2, 2025 (docket FDA-2022-S-0023-0067). npanational.org. Directly verified: NPA's own statement. FDA's own letter text could not be retrieved by this hub despite exhausting available routes (regulations.gov document viewer, API, and PDF; FDA.gov; Federal Register). See NMN Regulatory Status in the United States.
Regulatory primary sourceEuropean Commission. Commission Implementing Decision of 31 March 2022 terminating the procedure for authorising the placing on the market of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide as a novel food. C(2022) 1900 final. Directly verified via food.ec.europa.eu. See NMN in Europe.
Regulatory primary sourceEFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (2026). Safety of beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NMN) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA Journal 24(5):e10007. DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.10007. Directly verified via PMC13158811. See NMN in Europe.
Regulatory primary sourceUK Food Standards Agency. Regulated Product Applications: β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (RP-2116). data.food.gov.uk. Directly verified: status "In progress," stage "Risk assessment." See NMN in Europe.
Regulatory primary sourceJapan Consumer Affairs Agency. Foods with Function Claims system overview. caa.go.jp. Directly verified: self-certification system, not government approval. NMN's specific MHLW non-drug-list entry not independently confirmed by this hub. See NMN in Japan.
Regulatory primary sourceHealth Canada. Natural Health Product: Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (Compendial Monograph), dated August 28, 2024. Compendium of Monographs / NHPID. Directly verified full text: Schedule 1 isolate classification, dose range 3-1,200 mg/day. See NMN Regulatory Status Around the World.
Regulatory primary sourceAustralia Therapeutic Goods Administration. Permissible Ingredients Determination amendment and compositional guideline for nicotinamide mononucleotide (effective December 10, 2025; sponsor exclusivity to December 10, 2027). Directly verified via tga.gov.au. See NMN Regulatory Status Around the World.

Related reading

For the trial-by-trial synthesis of the human evidence indexed above, see NMN Human Clinical Trials. For pharmacokinetics specifically, see NMN Pharmacokinetics. For safety, see NMN Safety and Side Effects. For how preclinical and human evidence should and shouldn't be combined, see Preclinical vs. Human NMN Evidence. For how this index was built, see Research Methodology.

Key takeaways
  • 45 unique scientific references and 4 regulatory primary sources are indexed, organized by topic.
  • Each source is tagged by evidence type (RCT, systematic review, preclinical, methodology, etc.) so evidence types are never conflated.
  • Sources cited across multiple hub pages appear once here, with multiple topic tags.
  • Two Batch 4 sources (Zhao 2022, Kawakami's journal has no PMID) are explicitly flagged for incomplete identifier verification.
  • This index is a reference tool, not a substitute for reading the hub pages that interpret these sources.
Related concepts
NMN Human Clinical TrialsNMN Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and BioavailabilityNMN Safety and Side EffectsPreclinical vs. Human NMN Evidence
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Research Methodology
This page is educational information about NMN and NAD+ biology and research. It is not medical advice and does not diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Statements about dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before beginning any supplement regimen, especially if pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or managing a medical condition.
Published by Novera Editorial TeamLast reviewed: August 30, 2026